Biography: Karl Marx

जीवनी डाउनलोड करें और पढ़ें कार्ल मार्क्स

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Karl Heinrich Marx (German: [maʁks]; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary. Born in Trier, Germany, Marx studied law and philosophy at university. He married Jenny von Westphalen in 1843. Due to his political publications, Marx became stateless and lived in exile with his wife and children in London for decades, where he continued to develop his thought in collaboration with German thinker Friedrich Engels and publish his writings, researching in the British Museum Reading Room. His best-known titles are the 1848 pamphlet The Communist Manifesto and the three-volume Das Kapital (1867–1883). Marx's political and philosophical thought had enormous influence on subsequent intellectual, economic and political history. His name has been used as an adjective, a noun, and a school of social theory.

Marx's critical theories about society, economics, and politics, collectively understood as Marxism, hold that human societies develop through class conflict. In the capitalist mode of production, this manifests itself in the conflict between the ruling classes (known as the bourgeoisie) that control the means of production and the working classes (known as the proletariat) that enable these means by selling their labour-power in return for wages. Employing a critical approach known as historical materialism, Marx predicted that capitalism produced internal tensions like previous socioeconomic systems and that those would lead to its self-destruction and replacement by a new system known as the socialist mode of production. For Marx, class antagonisms under capitalism, owing in part to its instability and crisis-prone nature, would eventuate the working class' development of class consciousness, leading to their conquest of political power and eventually the establishment of a classless, communist society constituted by a free association of producers. Marx actively pressed for its implementation, arguing that the working class should carry out organised proletarian revolutionary action to topple capitalism and bring about socio-economic emancipation.

Karl Marx[2] (auch Carl; * 5. Mai 1818 in Trier; † 14. März 1883 in London) war ein deutscher Philosoph, Ökonom, Gesellschaftstheoretiker, politischer Journalist, Protagonist der Arbeiterbewegung sowie Kritiker des Kapitalismus und der Religion.

Seinen politischen Lebenslauf begann er 1842 als Redakteur der neu gegründeten radikaldemokratischen Rheinischen Zeitung, die unter den Zensurbestimmungen des preußischen Staates bereits im darauffolgenden Jahr ihr Erscheinen einstellen musste. Er übersiedelte danach nach Paris, wo er 1845 ausgewiesen wurde. Aus seinem neuen Domizil Belgien wurde er 1848 ausgewiesen. Nach seiner Rückkehr nach Deutschland begründete er die Neue Rheinische Zeitung und beteiligte sich an den revolutionär-demokratischen Strömungen im Rheinland. Nachdem er 1849 in einem Prozess wegen „Aufreizung zur Rebellion“ zwar freigesprochen worden war, wurde er anschließend dennoch als Staatenloser ausgewiesen. Sein letztes Exil verbrachte er mit seiner Familie bis zu seinem Tod in London.